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Garbled text as a result of incorrect character encoding

Mojibake ( 文字化け ; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake]) is the garbled text that is the result of text being decoded using an unintended character encoding.^[1] The result is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, oft from a dissimilar writing system.

This display may include the generic replacement graphic symbol ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement can also involve multiple consecutive symbols, as viewed in i encoding, when the aforementioned binary code constitutes 1 symbol in the other encoding. This is either because of differing constant length encoding (as in Asian 16-fleck encodings vs European 8-chip encodings), or the use of variable length encodings (notably UTF-viii and UTF-16).

Failed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a different effect that is not to be confused with mojibake. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the lawmaking point displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement character. Importantly, these replacements are valid and are the result of correct error handling by the software.

Etymology [edit]

Mojibake means "character transformation" in Japanese. The discussion is composed of 文字 (moji, IPA: [mod͡ʑi]), "grapheme" and 化け (bake, IPA: [bäke̞], pronounced "bah-keh"), "transform".

Causes [edit]

To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence between the encoded data and the notion of its encoding must be preserved. As mojibake is the instance of not-compliance between these, it can be accomplished past manipulating the data itself, or just relabeling it.

Mojibake is often seen with text data that have been tagged with a wrong encoding; information technology may not fifty-fifty be tagged at all, but moved between computers with different default encodings. A major source of problem are communication protocols that rely on settings on each figurer rather than sending or storing metadata together with the data.

The differing default settings betwixt computers are in function due to differing deployments of Unicode among operating system families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for different writing systems of human languages. Whereas Linux distributions mostly switched to UTF-8 in 2004,^[2] Microsoft Windows generally uses UTF-sixteen, and sometimes uses viii-bit code pages for text files in dissimilar languages.^{[ dubious – discuss ]}

For some writing systems, an example being Japanese, several encodings have historically been employed, causing users to see mojibake relatively ofttimes. As a Japanese example, the give-and-take mojibake "文字化け" stored as EUC-JP might be incorrectly displayed every bit "ﾊｸｻ�ｽ､ｱ", "ﾊｸｻ嵂ｽ､ｱ" (MS-932), or "ﾊｸｻ郾ｽ､ｱ" (Shift JIS-2004). The aforementioned text stored as UTF-eight is displayed every bit "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted as Shift JIS. This is further exacerbated if other locales are involved: the aforementioned UTF-8 text appears equally "文字化ã'" in software that assumes text to exist in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-1 encodings, commonly labelled Western, or (for example) as "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted as existence in a GBK (Mainland Red china) locale.

Mojibake example

Original text	文		字		化		け
Raw bytes of EUC-JP encoding	CA	B8	BB	FA	B2	BD	A4	B1
Bytes interpreted as Shift-JIS encoding	ﾊ	ｸ	ｻ	郾		ｽ	､	ｱ
Bytes interpreted as ISO-8859-ane encoding	Ê	¸	»	ú	²	½	¤	±
Bytes interpreted as GBK encoding	矢		机		步		け

Underspecification [edit]

If the encoding is non specified, it is up to the software to decide information technology by other ways. Depending on the type of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. Both are prone to mis-prediction in not-so-uncommon scenarios.

The encoding of text files is afflicted by locale setting, which depends on the user'south linguistic communication, brand of operating system and peradventure other weather. Therefore, the assumed encoding is systematically wrong for files that come from a computer with a different setting, or even from a differently localized software within the same system. For Unicode, one solution is to utilise a byte society marker, simply for source code and other machine readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Another is storing the encoding as metadata in the file arrangement. File systems that back up extended file attributes tin shop this every bit user.charset.^[three] This likewise requires support in software that wants to have advantage of it, merely does not disturb other software.

While a few encodings are easy to detect, in detail UTF-8, there are many that are hard to distinguish (run into charset detection). A web browser may not be able to distinguish a page coded in EUC-JP and another in Shift-JIS if the coding scheme is not assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent along with the documents, or using the HTML document'south meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot be configured to send the proper HTTP headers; see character encodings in HTML.

Mis-specification [edit]

Mojibake likewise occurs when the encoding is wrongly specified. This often happens between encodings that are similar. For example, the Eudora email client for Windows was known to transport emails labelled as ISO-8859-i that were in reality Windows-1252.^[4] The Mac Bone version of Eudora did not exhibit this behaviour. Windows-1252 contains extra printable characters in the C1 range (the most frequently seen beingness curved quotation marks and extra dashes), that were not displayed properly in software complying with the ISO standard; this especially afflicted software running under other operating systems such as Unix.

Human ignorance [edit]

Of the encodings still in use, many are partially compatible with each other, with ASCII equally the predominant mutual subset. This sets the stage for human being ignorance:

• Compatibility can be a deceptive property, as the common subset of characters is unaffected by a mixup of two encodings (run into Problems in different writing systems).
• People recollect they are using ASCII, and tend to label whatever superset of ASCII they actually utilise equally "ASCII". Maybe for simplification, but even in academic literature, the discussion "ASCII" can exist found used as an example of something not compatible with Unicode, where apparently "ASCII" is Windows-1252 and "Unicode" is UTF-8.^[i] Note that UTF-eight is backwards compatible with ASCII.

Overspecification [edit]

When there are layers of protocols, each trying to specify the encoding based on different information, the least certain information may be misleading to the recipient. For example, consider a web server serving a static HTML file over HTTP. The character set may be communicated to the client in whatever number of 3 ways:

• in the HTTP header. This information tin exist based on server configuration (for instance, when serving a file off disk) or controlled by the application running on the server (for dynamic websites).
• in the file, as an HTML meta tag (http-equiv or charset) or the encoding attribute of an XML declaration. This is the encoding that the author meant to save the particular file in.
• in the file, as a byte gild marker. This is the encoding that the author'southward editor actually saved it in. Unless an accidental encoding conversion has happened (by opening it in ane encoding and saving it in some other), this volition be correct. It is, however, only bachelor in Unicode encodings such as UTF-8 or UTF-16.

Lack of hardware or software support [edit]

Much older hardware is typically designed to support only one character set and the character set typically cannot be contradistinct. The character table independent within the display firmware will exist localized to take characters for the country the device is to be sold in, and typically the table differs from land to country. As such, these systems will potentially display mojibake when loading text generated on a system from a different country. Too, many early operating systems do not back up multiple encoding formats and thus volition terminate upward displaying mojibake if made to brandish non-standard text—early versions of Microsoft Windows and Palm Os for example, are localized on a per-country ground and will simply support encoding standards relevant to the country the localized version will be sold in, and will display mojibake if a file containing a text in a different encoding format from the version that the OS is designed to back up is opened.

Resolutions [edit]

Applications using UTF-eight as a default encoding may achieve a greater degree of interoperability because of its widespread use and astern compatibility with US-ASCII. UTF-8 likewise has the ability to be direct recognised past a elementary algorithm, and so that well written software should exist able to avoid mixing UTF-8 upward with other encodings.

The difficulty of resolving an instance of mojibake varies depending on the awarding within which it occurs and the causes of information technology. Two of the nearly mutual applications in which mojibake may occur are web browsers and give-and-take processors. Modernistic browsers and word processors often back up a wide array of graphic symbol encodings. Browsers often allow a user to change their rendering engine's encoding setting on the fly, while discussion processors permit the user to select the appropriate encoding when opening a file. It may accept some trial and error for users to discover the right encoding.

The problem gets more than complicated when it occurs in an application that normally does not support a wide range of grapheme encoding, such as in a non-Unicode computer game. In this case, the user must alter the operating system's encoding settings to match that of the game. However, irresolute the arrangement-broad encoding settings tin can also crusade Mojibake in pre-existing applications. In Windows XP or later, a user also has the pick to use Microsoft AppLocale, an application that allows the changing of per-application locale settings. Fifty-fifty so, changing the operating system encoding settings is not possible on earlier operating systems such equally Windows 98; to resolve this issue on earlier operating systems, a user would accept to apply third party font rendering applications.

Problems in different writing systems [edit]

English [edit]

Mojibake in English texts generally occurs in punctuation, such every bit em dashes (—), en dashes (–), and curly quotes (",",','), merely rarely in graphic symbol text, since most encodings concur with ASCII on the encoding of the English alphabet. For example, the pound sign "£" volition appear as "£" if it was encoded by the sender as UTF-8 but interpreted by the recipient as CP1252 or ISO 8859-one. If iterated using CP1252, this can lead to "£", "£", "ÃÆ'‚£", etc.

Some computers did, in older eras, take vendor-specific encodings which caused mismatch besides for English text. Commodore brand 8-scrap computers used PETSCII encoding, particularly notable for inverting the upper and lower instance compared to standard ASCII. PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, but flipped the case of all messages. IBM mainframes utilize the EBCDIC encoding which does not match ASCII at all.

Other Western European languages [edit]

The alphabets of the North Germanic languages, Catalan, Finnish, High german, French, Portuguese and Spanish are all extensions of the Latin alphabet. The additional characters are typically the ones that become corrupted, making texts just mildly unreadable with mojibake:

• å, ä, ö in Finnish and Swedish
• à, ç, è, é, ï, í, ò, ó, ú, ü in Catalan
• æ, ø, å in Norwegian and Danish
• á, é, ó, ij, è, ë, ï in Dutch
• ä, ö, ü, and ß in German
• á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ø in Faroese
• á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, þ, æ, ö in Icelandic
• à, â, ç, è, é, ë, ê, ï, î, ô, ù, û, ü, ÿ, æ, œ in French
• à, è, é, ì, ò, ù in Italian
• á, é, í, ñ, ó, ú, ü, ¡, ¿ in Spanish
• à, á, â, ã, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú in Portuguese (ü no longer used)
• á, é, í, ó, ú in Irish
• à, è, ì, ò, ù in Scottish Gaelic
• £ in British English

… and their majuscule counterparts, if applicable.

These are languages for which the ISO-8859-1 character set (likewise known as Latin ane or Western) has been in use. However, ISO-8859-ane has been obsoleted by ii competing standards, the astern compatible Windows-1252, and the slightly altered ISO-8859-15. Both add the Euro sign € and the French œ, but otherwise any confusion of these three character sets does non create mojibake in these languages. Furthermore, it is always safety to interpret ISO-8859-1 equally Windows-1252, and fairly safety to interpret it as ISO-8859-15, in item with respect to the Euro sign, which replaces the rarely used currency sign (¤). However, with the advent of UTF-eight, mojibake has become more common in certain scenarios, e.thousand. exchange of text files between UNIX and Windows computers, due to UTF-viii's incompatibility with Latin-1 and Windows-1252. Only UTF-8 has the ability to be directly recognised by a simple algorithm, and so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-8 upward with other encodings, then this was nearly common when many had software not supporting UTF-eight. Most of these languages were supported by MS-DOS default CP437 and other machine default encodings, except ASCII, so problems when ownership an operating system version were less mutual. Windows and MS-DOS are not uniform however.

In Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and German, vowels are rarely repeated, and it is unremarkably obvious when one graphic symbol gets corrupted, e.g. the second letter in "kÃ⁠¤rlek" ( kärlek , "love"). This fashion, even though the reader has to guess betwixt å, ä and ö, virtually all texts remain legible. Finnish text, on the other hand, does characteristic repeating vowels in words like hääyö ("wedding night") which tin can sometimes render text very difficult to read (east.g. hääyö appears as "hÃ⁠¤Ã⁠¤yÃ⁠¶"). Icelandic and Faeroese accept ten and eight possibly confounding characters, respectively, which thus can make information technology more difficult to guess corrupted characters; Icelandic words like þjóðlöð ("outstanding hospitality") become almost entirely unintelligible when rendered equally "þjóðlöð".

In German, Buchstabensalat ("letter salad") is a mutual term for this phenomenon, and in Spanish, deformación (literally deformation).

Some users transliterate their writing when using a computer, either past omitting the problematic diacritics, or by using digraph replacements (å → aa, ä/æ → ae, ö/ø → oe, ü → ue etc.). Thus, an author might write "ueber" instead of "über", which is standard practice in German when umlauts are non available. The latter practice seems to be amend tolerated in the High german linguistic communication sphere than in the Nordic countries. For example, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with archaic Danish, and may exist used jokingly. Even so, digraphs are useful in communication with other parts of the world. As an instance, the Norwegian football player Ole Gunnar Solskjær had his proper name spelled "SOLSKJAER" on his back when he played for Manchester United.

An artifact of UTF-8 misinterpreted equally ISO-8859-one, "Ring 1000000 nÃ¥" (" Band million nå "), was seen in an SMS scam raging in Norway in June 2014.^[5]

Examples

Swedish example:		Smörgås (open up sandwich)
File encoding	Setting in browser	Result
MS-DOS 437	ISO 8859-1	Sm"rg†due south
ISO 8859-1	Mac Roman	SmˆrgÂs
UTF-8	ISO 8859-one	Smörgådue south
UTF-8	Mac Roman	Smörgås

Central and Eastern European [edit]

Users of Central and Eastern European languages tin can besides be affected. Because almost computers were non connected to whatever network during the mid- to late-1980s, there were dissimilar character encodings for every linguistic communication with diacritical characters (see ISO/IEC 8859 and KOI-8), often also varying by operating system.

Hungarian [edit]

Hungarian is another affected linguistic communication, which uses the 26 bones English characters, plus the absolute forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (all present in the Latin-ane character set), plus the two characters ő and ű, which are not in Latin-1. These two characters can be correctly encoded in Latin-two, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Before Unicode became common in e-mail clients, e-mails containing Hungarian text oft had the letters ő and ű corrupted, sometimes to the signal of unrecognizability. Information technology is common to answer to an e-mail rendered unreadable (see examples below) past character mangling (referred to as "betűszemét", pregnant "letter of the alphabet garbage") with the phrase "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Flood-resistant mirror-drilling machine") containing all accented characters used in Hungarian.

Examples [edit]

Source encoding	Target encoding	Result	Occurrence
Hungarian example		ÁRVÍZTŰRŐ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép	Characters in red are wrong and do not match the top-left example.
CP 852	CP 437	╡RV╓ZTδRè TÜKÖRFΘRαGÉP árvízt√rï tükörfúrógép	This was very common in DOS-era when the text was encoded by the Primal European CP 852 encoding; nevertheless, the operating organization, a software or printer used the default CP 437 encoding. Please note that minor-case letters are mainly correct, exception with ő (ï) and ű (√). Ü/ü is correct considering CP 852 was made uniform with German language. Present occurs mainly on printed prescriptions and cheques.
CWI-2	CP 437	ÅRVìZTÿRº TÜKÖRFùRòGÉP árvíztûrô tükörfúrógép	The CWI-ii encoding was designed so that the text remains adequately well-readable even if the display or printer uses the default CP 437 encoding. This encoding was heavily used in the 1980s and early 1990s, but nowadays it is completely deprecated.
Windows-1250	Windows-1252	ÁRVÍZTÛRÕ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztûrõ tükörfúrógép	The default Western Windows encoding is used instead of the Central-European one. But ő-Ő (õ-Õ) and ű-Ű (û-Û) are wrong, but the text is completely readable. This is the near common mistake nowadays; due to ignorance, it occurs often on webpages or even in printed media.
CP 852	Windows-1250	µRVÖZTëRŠ TšChiliad™RFéRŕG P rvˇztűr‹ t m"rfŁr˘g‚p	Cardinal European Windows encoding is used instead of DOS encoding. The use of ű is correct.
Windows-1250	CP 852	┴RV═ZT█RŇ T▄KÍRF┌RËG╔P ßrvÝztűr§ tŘk÷rf˙rˇgÚp	Key European DOS encoding is used instead of Windows encoding. The use of ű is right.
Quoted-printable	7-chip ASCII	=C1RV=CDZT=DBR=D5 T=DCK=D6RF=DAR=D3Yard=C9P =E1rv=EDzt=FBr=F5 t=FCk=F6rf=FAr=F31000=E9p	Mainly caused past wrongly configured mail servers merely may occur in SMS messages on some jail cell-phones equally well.
UTF-8	Windows-1252	ÁRVÍZTÅ°RŐ TÃœKÖRFÚRÃ"YardÉP árvÃztűrÅ' tüthouörfúrógép	Mainly caused by wrongly configured spider web services or webmail clients, which were non tested for international usage (equally the trouble remains concealed for English texts). In this example the bodily (often generated) content is in UTF-8; all the same, it is not configured in the HTML headers, so the rendering engine displays it with the default Western encoding.

Polish [edit]

Prior to the creation of ISO 8859-2 in 1987, users of various computing platforms used their own character encodings such as AmigaPL on Amiga, Atari Club on Atari ST and Masovia, IBM CP852, Mazovia and Windows CP1250 on IBM PCs. Polish companies selling early on DOS computers created their own mutually-incompatible ways to encode Polish characters and simply reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards (typically CGA, EGA, or Hercules) to provide hardware lawmaking pages with the needed glyphs for Polish—arbitrarily located without reference to where other reckoner sellers had placed them.

The situation began to amend when, after pressure from bookish and user groups, ISO 8859-2 succeeded as the "Internet standard" with limited support of the dominant vendors' software (today largely replaced by Unicode). With the numerous issues caused by the variety of encodings, fifty-fifty today some users tend to refer to Polish diacritical characters as krzaczki ([kshach-kih], lit. "little shrubs").

Russian and other Cyrillic alphabets [edit]

Mojibake may be colloquially called krakozyabry ( кракозя́бры [krɐkɐˈzʲæbrɪ̈]) in Russian, which was and remains complicated by several systems for encoding Cyrillic.^[6] The Soviet Spousal relationship and early on Russia developed KOI encodings ( Kod Obmena Informatsiey , Код Обмена Информацией , which translates to "Lawmaking for Information Exchange"). This began with Cyrillic-merely seven-bit KOI7, based on ASCII only with Latin and some other characters replaced with Cyrillic letters. So came 8-bit KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic letters only with high-bit set octets corresponding to 7-bit codes from KOI7. It is for this reason that KOI8 text, even Russian, remains partially readable after stripping the eighth bit, which was considered as a major reward in the age of 8BITMIME-unaware email systems. For example, words " Школа русского языка " shkola russkogo yazyka , encoded in KOI8 and then passed through the high bit stripping process, end upwardly rendered every bit "[KOLA RUSSKOGO qZYKA". Somewhen KOI8 gained different flavors for Russian and Bulgarian (KOI8-R), Ukrainian (KOI8-U), Belorussian (KOI8-RU) and even Tajik (KOI8-T).

Meanwhile, in the West, Code folio 866 supported Ukrainian and Belorussian as well as Russian/Bulgarian in MS-DOS. For Microsoft Windows, Code Page 1251 added support for Serbian and other Slavic variants of Cyrillic.

Most recently, the Unicode encoding includes lawmaking points for practically all the characters of all the world'due south languages, including all Cyrillic characters.

Before Unicode, it was necessary to match text encoding with a font using the same encoding organisation. Failure to practise this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific appearance varied depending on the verbal combination of text encoding and font encoding. For instance, attempting to view not-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is limited to the Latin alphabet, or using the default ("Western") encoding, typically results in text that consists almost entirely of vowels with diacritical marks. (KOI8 " Библиотека " ( biblioteka , library) becomes "âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ".) Using Windows codepage 1251 to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results in garbled text that consists by and large of capital letters (KOI8 and codepage 1251 share the same ASCII region, but KOI8 has uppercase messages in the region where codepage 1251 has lowercase, and vice versa). In general, Cyrillic gibberish is symptomatic of using the wrong Cyrillic font. During the early on years of the Russian sector of the World Wide Spider web, both KOI8 and codepage 1251 were common. As of 2017, 1 can still run into HTML pages in codepage 1251 and, rarely, KOI8 encodings, also equally Unicode. (An estimated i.7% of all web pages worldwide – all languages included – are encoded in codepage 1251.^[seven]) Though the HTML standard includes the ability to specify the encoding for whatsoever given web page in its source,^[8] this is sometimes neglected, forcing the user to switch encodings in the browser manually.

In Bulgarian, mojibake is often called majmunica ( маймуница ), significant "monkey's [alphabet]". In Serbian, it is chosen đubre ( ђубре ), meaning "trash". Unlike the former USSR, South Slavs never used something like KOI8, and Lawmaking Page 1251 was the dominant Cyrillic encoding there earlier Unicode. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian. In the 1980s, Bulgarian computers used their own MIK encoding, which is superficially similar to (although incompatible with) CP866.

Example

Russian example:		Кракозябры ( krakozyabry , garbage characters)
File encoding	Setting in browser	Result
MS-DOS 855	ISO 8859-1	Æá ÆÖóÞ¢áñ
KOI8-R	ISO 8859-1	ëÒÁËÏÚÑÂÒÙ
UTF-viii	KOI8-R	п я─п╟п╨п╬п╥я▐п╠я─я▀

Yugoslav languages [edit]

Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian (the dialects of the Yugoslav Serbo-Croatian language) and Slovenian add together to the basic Latin alphabet the letters š, đ, č, ć, ž, and their upper-case letter counterparts Š, Đ, Č, Ć, Ž (only č/Č, š/Š and ž/Ž in Slovenian; officially, although others are used when needed, mostly in strange names, every bit well). All of these letters are divers in Latin-ii and Windows-1250, while only some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Đ) exist in the usual Bone-default Windows-1252, and are in that location because of another languages.

Although Mojibake tin occur with any of these characters, the letters that are not included in Windows-1252 are much more prone to errors. Thus, even nowadays, "šđčćž ŠĐČĆŽ" is often displayed as "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", although ð, è, æ, È, Æ are never used in Slavic languages.

When confined to basic ASCII (most user names, for example), common replacements are: š→s, đ→dj, č→c, ć→c, ž→z (capital forms analogously, with Đ→Dj or Đ→DJ depending on word case). All of these replacements introduce ambiguities, so reconstructing the original from such a form is unremarkably done manually if required.

The Windows-1252 encoding is important considering the English versions of the Windows operating organization are most widespread, not localized ones.^{[ citation needed ]} The reasons for this include a relatively small and fragmented market, increasing the price of high quality localization, a high degree of software piracy (in turn caused by high price of software compared to income), which discourages localization efforts, and people preferring English language versions of Windows and other software.^{[ citation needed ]}

The drive to differentiate Croatian from Serbian, Bosnian from Croatian and Serbian, and now even Montenegrin from the other 3 creates many issues. There are many different localizations, using different standards and of different quality. In that location are no common translations for the vast amount of computer terminology originating in English. In the end, people utilise adopted English language words ("kompjuter" for "computer", "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc.), and if they are unaccustomed to the translated terms may not understand what some option in a card is supposed to do based on the translated phrase. Therefore, people who understand English language, too every bit those who are accustomed to English language terminology (who are nigh, because English terminology is as well mostly taught in schools because of these problems) regularly choose the original English versions of non-specialist software.

When Cyrillic script is used (for Macedonian and partially Serbian), the problem is like to other Cyrillic-based scripts.

Newer versions of English Windows allow the code page to be changed (older versions require special English versions with this support), but this setting can exist and often was incorrectly set. For case, Windows 98 and Windows Me can be set to most non-right-to-left single-byte code pages including 1250, merely simply at install time.

Caucasian languages [edit]

The writing systems of sure languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenian, may produce mojibake. This problem is peculiarly acute in the case of ArmSCII or ARMSCII, a ready of obsolete character encodings for the Armenian alphabet which accept been superseded past Unicode standards. ArmSCII is not widely used considering of a lack of support in the calculator manufacture. For case, Microsoft Windows does not support information technology.

Asian encodings [edit]

Another type of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such as one of the encodings for East Asian languages. With this kind of mojibake more than i (typically two) characters are corrupted at once, e.g. "k舐lek" ( kärlek ) in Swedish, where " är " is parsed as "舐". Compared to the above mojibake, this is harder to read, since letters unrelated to the problematic å, ä or ö are missing, and is specially problematic for short words starting with å, ä or ö such as "än" (which becomes "舅"). Since two messages are combined, the mojibake besides seems more than random (over l variants compared to the normal three, not counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an entire text string which happens to include a design of item word lengths, such as the sentence "Bush hid the facts", may be misinterpreted.

Japanese [edit]

In Japanese, the miracle is, as mentioned, called mojibake ( 文字化け ). Information technology is a particular problem in Japan due to the numerous different encodings that exist for Japanese text. Alongside Unicode encodings similar UTF-8 and UTF-16, there are other standard encodings, such as Shift-JIS (Windows machines) and EUC-JP (UNIX systems). Mojibake, likewise as being encountered by Japanese users, is too frequently encountered by non-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese market.

Chinese [edit]

In Chinese, the same phenomenon is called Luàn mǎ (Pinyin, Simplified Chinese 乱码 , Traditional Chinese 亂碼 , meaning 'cluttered code'), and can occur when computerised text is encoded in one Chinese character encoding simply is displayed using the wrong encoding. When this occurs, it is often possible to set up the issue by switching the character encoding without loss of data. The state of affairs is complicated considering of the being of several Chinese character encoding systems in use, the most mutual ones beingness: Unicode, Big5, and Guobiao (with several backward compatible versions), and the possibility of Chinese characters beingness encoded using Japanese encoding.

It is easy to identify the original encoding when luanma occurs in Guobiao encodings:

Original encoding	Viewed as	Upshot	Original text	Note
Big5	GB	?T瓣в变巨肚	三國志曹操傳	Garbled Chinese characters with no hint of original meaning. The cerise character is not a valid codepoint in GB2312.
Shift-JIS	GB	暥帤壔偗僥僗僩	文字化けテスト	Kana is displayed as characters with the radical 亻, while kanji are other characters. Nearly of them are extremely uncommon and not in practical utilise in modernistic Chinese.
EUC-KR	GB	叼力捞钙胶 抛农聪墨	디제이맥스 테크니카	Random common Simplified Chinese characters which in most cases make no sense. Hands identifiable because of spaces between every several characters.

An additional problem is acquired when encodings are missing characters, which is common with rare or antiquated characters that are notwithstanding used in personal or place names. Examples of this are Taiwanese politicians Wang Chien-shien (Chinese: 王建煊; pinyin: Wáng Jiànxuān )'s "煊", Yu Shyi-kun (simplified Chinese: 游锡堃; traditional Chinese: 游錫堃; pinyin: Yóu Xíkūn )'s "堃" and singer David Tao (Chinese: 陶喆; pinyin: Táo Zhé )'due south "喆" missing in Big5, ex-Cathay Premier Zhu Rongji (Chinese: 朱镕基; pinyin: Zhū Róngjī )'s "镕" missing in GB2312, copyright symbol "©" missing in GBK.^[nine]

Newspapers have dealt with this problem in various ways, including using software to combine 2 existing, similar characters; using a moving picture of the personality; or simply substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would exist able to make the right inference.

Indic text [edit]

A similar effect can occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of S Asia, used in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages as Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, and others, fifty-fifty if the character set up employed is properly recognized by the application. This is considering, in many Indic scripts, the rules by which individual letter symbols combine to create symbols for syllables may non be properly understood past a computer missing the appropriate software, even if the glyphs for the private letter forms are bachelor.

Ane instance of this is the old Wikipedia logo, which attempts to testify the character coordinating to "wi" (the first syllable of "Wikipedia") on each of many puzzle pieces. The puzzle piece meant to conduct the Devanagari character for "wi" instead used to brandish the "wa" character followed by an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, easily recognizable as mojibake generated by a computer not configured to brandish Indic text.^[10] The logo every bit redesigned as of May 2010^[ref] has fixed these errors.

The idea of Plain Text requires the operating system to provide a font to brandish Unicode codes. This font is different from Bone to Bone for Singhala and information technology makes orthographically incorrect glyphs for some messages (syllables) across all operating systems. For example, the 'reph', the short form for 'r' is a diacritic that unremarkably goes on top of a apparently letter. Nonetheless, it is wrong to proceed top of some letters like 'ya' or 'la' in specific contexts. For Sanskritic words or names inherited by mod languages, such as कार्य, IAST: kārya, or आर्या, IAST: āryā, information technology is apt to put it on top of these messages. By contrast, for similar sounds in modern languages which outcome from their specific rules, information technology is non put on top, such equally the word करणाऱ्या, IAST: karaṇāryā, a stem form of the mutual word करणारा/री, IAST: karaṇārā/rī, in the Marathi language.^[xi] But it happens in most operating systems. This appears to exist a fault of internal programming of the fonts. In Mac Bone and iOS, the muurdhaja 50 (night l) and 'u' combination and its long form both yield incorrect shapes.^{[ citation needed ]}

Some Indic and Indic-derived scripts, most notably Lao, were not officially supported by Windows XP until the release of Vista.^[12] Notwithstanding, various sites have fabricated free-to-download fonts.

Burmese [edit]

Due to Western sanctions^[13] and the late arrival of Burmese linguistic communication support in computers,^{[14] [15]} much of the early on Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation. The prevailing means of Burmese support is via the Zawgyi font, a font that was created every bit a Unicode font but was in fact simply partially Unicode compliant.^[fifteen] In the Zawgyi font, some codepoints for Burmese script were implemented every bit specified in Unicode, but others were not.^[sixteen] The Unicode Consortium refers to this as advertizement hoc font encodings.^[17] With the appearance of mobile phones, mobile vendors such equally Samsung and Huawei simply replaced the Unicode compliant organization fonts with Zawgyi versions.^[14]

Due to these ad hoc encodings, communications between users of Zawgyi and Unicode would render equally garbled text. To get around this issue, content producers would brand posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode.^[eighteen] Myanmar government has designated 1 October 2019 equally "U-Twenty-four hour period" to officially switch to Unicode.^[13] The total transition is estimated to take 2 years.^[19]

African languages [edit]

In certain writing systems of Africa, unencoded text is unreadable. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such as the Ge'ez script in Ethiopia and Eritrea, used for Amharic, Tigre, and other languages, and the Somali language, which employs the Osmanya alphabet. In Southern Africa, the Mwangwego alphabet is used to write languages of Republic of malaŵi and the Mandombe alphabet was created for the Democratic Republic of the congo, but these are not generally supported. Various other writing systems native to Due west Africa nowadays like bug, such equally the N'Ko alphabet, used for Manding languages in Guinea, and the Vai syllabary, used in Liberia.

Arabic [edit]

Another afflicted language is Arabic (run into below). The text becomes unreadable when the encodings practice non lucifer.

Examples [edit]

File encoding	Setting in browser	Upshot
Arabic example:		(Universal Declaration of Man Rights)
Browser rendering:		الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
UTF-viii	Windows-1252	الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
	KOI8-R	О╩©ь╖ы└ь╔ь╧ы└ь╖ы├ ь╖ы└ь╧ь╖ы└ы┘ы┴ ы└ь╜ы┌ы┬ы┌ ь╖ы└ь╔ы├ьЁь╖ы├
	ISO 8859-5	яЛПиЇй�иЅиЙй�иЇй� иЇй�иЙиЇй�й�й� й�ий�й�й� иЇй�иЅй�иГиЇй�
	CP 866	я╗┐╪з┘Д╪е╪╣┘Д╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Д╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е┘Й ┘Д╪н┘В┘И┘В ╪з┘Д╪е┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж
	ISO 8859-vi	ُ؛؟ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ظ�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ع�ع� ع�ظع�ع�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�
	ISO 8859-ii	اŮ�ŘĽŘšŮ�اŮ� اŮ�ؚاŮ�Ů�Ů� Ů�ŘŮ�Ů�Ů� اŮ�ŘĽŮ�ساŮ�
Windows-1256	Windows-1252	ÇáÅÚáÇä ÇáÚÇáãì áÍÞæÞ ÇáÅäÓÇä

The examples in this article do non accept UTF-eight every bit browser setting, because UTF-8 is easily recognisable, and so if a browser supports UTF-8 it should recognise it automatically, and non try to interpret something else equally UTF-8.

Run across also [edit]

• Code point
• Replacement character
• Substitute character
• Newline – The conventions for representing the line interruption differ between Windows and Unix systems. Though most software supports both conventions (which is trivial), software that must preserve or display the deviation (e.one thousand. version control systems and data comparison tools) can go substantially more difficult to utilise if not adhering to i convention.
• Byte order marking – The about in-band way to store the encoding together with the data – prepend it. This is by intention invisible to humans using compliant software, but will by pattern exist perceived every bit "garbage characters" to incompliant software (including many interpreters).
• HTML entities – An encoding of special characters in HTML, mostly optional, but required for certain characters to escape estimation as markup.

  While failure to employ this transformation is a vulnerability (run into cross-site scripting), applying it too many times results in garbling of these characters. For example, the quotation marker " becomes ", ", " and and then on.

• Bush hid the facts

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} King, Ritchie (2012). "Will unicode soon exist the universal code? [The Data]". IEEE Spectrum. 49 (vii): 60. doi:x.1109/MSPEC.2012.6221090.
2. ^ WINDISCHMANN, Stephan (31 March 2004). "coil -5 linux.ars (Internationalization)". Ars Technica . Retrieved five Oct 2018.
3. ^ "Guidelines for extended attributes". 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-02-15 .
4. ^ "Unicode mailinglist on the Eudora email client". 2001-05-13. Retrieved 2014-11-01 .
5. ^ "sms-scam". June 18, 2014. Retrieved June nineteen, 2014.
6. ^ p. 141, Control + Alt + Delete: A Dictionary of Cyberslang, Jonathon Keats, Globe Pequot, 2007, ISBN 1-59921-039-8.
7. ^ "Usage of Windows-1251 for websites".
8. ^ "Declaring character encodings in HTML".
9. ^ "PRC GBK (XGB)". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2002-10-01. Conversion map between Code page 936 and Unicode. Need manually selecting GB18030 or GBK in browser to view it correctly.
10. ^ Cohen, Noam (June 25, 2007). "Some Errors Defy Fixes: A Typo in Wikipedia's Logo Fractures the Sanskrit". The New York Times . Retrieved July 17, 2009.
11. ^ https://marathi.indiatyping.com/
12. ^ "Content Moved (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2014-02-05 .
13. ^ ^{a b} "Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches up in Myanmar's digital world". The Japan Times. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019. October. 1 is "U-24-hour interval", when Myanmar officially will prefer the new organisation.... Microsoft and Apple helped other countries standardize years agone, simply Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.
14. ^ ^{a b} Hotchkiss, Griffin (March 23, 2016). "Battle of the fonts". Frontier Myanmar . Retrieved 24 Dec 2019. With the release of Windows XP service pack ii, circuitous scripts were supported, which made it possible for Windows to render a Unicode-compliant Burmese font such as Myanmar1 (released in 2005). ... Myazedi, BIT, and afterward Zawgyi, circumscribed the rendering problem by adding extra code points that were reserved for Myanmar's ethnic languages. Not only does the re-mapping prevent futurity ethnic language back up, it also results in a typing system that tin exist confusing and inefficient, fifty-fifty for experienced users. ... Huawei and Samsung, the ii most popular smartphone brands in Myanmar, are motivated only by capturing the largest market share, which means they back up Zawgyi out of the box.
15. ^ ^{a b} Sin, Thant (7 September 2019). "Unified under 1 font system as Myanmar prepares to migrate from Zawgyi to Unicode". Rising Voices . Retrieved 24 December 2019. Standard Myanmar Unicode fonts were never mainstreamed unlike the private and partially Unicode compliant Zawgyi font. ... Unicode will improve natural language processing
16. ^ "Why Unicode is Needed". Google Code: Zawgyi Projection . Retrieved 31 Oct 2013.
17. ^ "Myanmar Scripts and Languages". Oft Asked Questions. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 24 Dec 2019. "UTF-eight" technically does not apply to ad hoc font encodings such as Zawgyi.
18. ^ LaGrow, Nick; Pruzan, Miri (September 26, 2019). "Integrating autoconversion: Facebook's path from Zawgyi to Unicode - Facebook Engineering". Facebook Engineering. Facebook. Retrieved 25 Dec 2019. Information technology makes advice on digital platforms difficult, every bit content written in Unicode appears garbled to Zawgyi users and vice versa. ... In order to better accomplish their audiences, content producers in Myanmar oft post in both Zawgyi and Unicode in a single post, not to mention English language or other languages.
19. ^ Saw Yi Nanda (21 November 2019). "Myanmar switch to Unicode to take ii years: app developer". The Myanmar Times . Retrieved 24 December 2019.

External links [edit]

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